Antibacterial Effect of Hypochlorous Acid on Bacteria Associated with the Formation of Periodontal Biofilms: An in vitro Pilot Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effect of electrolytically generated hypochlorous acid on Streptococcus gordonii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Material and Methods: In this in vitro experiment, the effect of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) on the strains S. gordonii, F. nucleatum, and P. gingivalis was evaluated using 4% sodium hypochlorite, 0.12% chlorhexidine, and distilled water as controls. The four groups were placed on each plate, and each group was replicated five times. The agar diffusion method by zones measurement was used. The data were processed with SPSS using the Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple comparison tests. Results: Hypochlorous acid showed an average inhibition halo of 9.28 mm on S. gordonii. As expected with distilled water, no zone of inhibition was noted for any of the bacteria, nor were zones of inhibition observed with HOCl for F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis. Conclusion: Hypochlorous acid showed antimicrobial properties against only S. gordonii and was less effective than 4% sodium hypochlorite and 0.12% chlorhexidine, although no significant differences were found between the latter.

Antibacterial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities and chemical compositions of Peruvian propolis in an in vitro oral biofilm.

Background: Natural products with antibacterial potential have begun to be tested on biofilm models, bringing us closer to understanding the response generated by the complex microbial ecosystems of the oral cavity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities and chemical compositions of Peruvian propolis in an in vitro biofilm of Streptococcus gordonii and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Methods: The experimental work involved a consecutive, in vitro, longitudinal, and double-blinded study design. Propolis samples were collected from 13 different regions of the Peruvian Andes. The disk diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial susceptibility test. The cytotoxic effect of propolis on human gingival fibroblasts was determined by cell viability method using the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, and the effect of propolis on the biofilm was evaluated by confocal microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The 0.78 mg/mL and 1.563 mg/mL concentrations of the methanolic fraction of the chloroform residue of Oxapampa propolis showed effects on biofilm thickness and the copy numbers of the srtA gene of S. gordonii and the radD gene of F. nucleatum at 48 and 120 hours, and chromatography (UV, λ 280 nm) identified rhamnocitrin, isorhamnetin, apigenin, kaempferol, diosmetin, acacetin, glycerol, and chrysoeriol. Conclusions: Of the 13 propolis evaluated, it was found that only the methanolic fraction of Oxapampa propolis showed antibacterial and antibiofilm effects without causing damage to human gingival fibroblasts. Likewise, when evaluating the chemical composition of this fraction, eight flavonoids were identified.

Efectividad analgésica del clonixinato de lisina asociado con el paracetamol en el tratamiento posoperatorio de exodoncias / Analgesic Effectiveness of Lysine Clonixinate Associated with Paracetamol in the Postoperative Treatment of Exodontias / Efetividade analgésica do clonixinato de lisina associado ao paracetamol no tratamento pós-operatório de exodontias

Resumen Introducción : el uso de terapias analgésicas para controlar el dolor postexodoncia es muy variado y depende muchos factores. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la efectividad analgésica del paracetamol asociado con el clonixinato de lisina y compararlo con monoterapias de paracetamol e ibuprofeno en el tratamiento posoperatorio de exodoncias. Materiales y métodos : la muestra estuvo conformada por 39 pacientes distribuidos aleatoriamente en tres grupos. El dolor posoperatorio se midió utilizando la Escala Visual Análoga (EVA) 1 h, 8 h y 24 h postexodoncia. El análisis estadístico de la evolución de las tres terapias, se realizó empleando el test t de Student, ANOVA y test de Tuckey, con un nivel de significancia de p < 0.05. Resultados : los valores obtenidos demostraron que la combinación analgésica de paracetamol asociado con el clonixinato de lisina fue más efectiva 1 h y 8 h después. A las 24 h no existieron diferencias en los tres grupos de estudio. Conclusión : la analgesia de la terapia combinada de Paracetamol asociada con el Clonixinato de lisina es superior a la producida por la dosis estándar de Ibuprofeno y Paracetamol en el tratamiento del dolor posoperatorio de exodoncias simples.

Abstract Introduction : The use of analgesic therapies to control post-exodontia pain is very varied and depends on many factors. The study had two aims: to compare the analgesic effectiveness of paracetamol associated with lysine clonixinate and to compare it with monotherapies of paracetamol and ibuprofen in exodontias' postoperative treatment. Materials and methods : The sample consisted of 39 patients randomized into three groups. The postoperative pain was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), at 1h, 8h, and 24h after exodontia. Statistical analysis of the evolution of the three therapies was performed using Student's t-test, ANOVA and Tuckey's test, with a level of significance of p <0.05. Results : The values obtained showed that the analgesic combination of paracetamol associated with clonixinate of lysine was more effective at 1h and 8h. At 24h, there were no differences in the three study groups. Conclusion : The analgesia of the combined therapy of paracetamol associated with clonixinate of lysine is superior to that produced by the standard dose of ibuprofen and paracetamol in the treatment of post-operation pain of simple extractions.

Resumo Introdução : o uso de terapias analgésicas para controlar a dor pós-exodontia é muito variada e depende de muitos fatores. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a efetividade analgésica do paracetamol associado ao clonixinato de lisina e compará-lo com monoterapias de paracetamol e ibuprofeno no tratamento pós-operatório de exodontias. Materiais e métodos : a amostra esteve conformada por 39 pacientes distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos. A dor pós-operatória mediu-se utilizando a Escala Visual Análoga (EVA) às 1 h, 8 h e 24 h pós-exodontia. A análise estatística da evolução das três terapias, se realizaram empregando o teste t de Student, ANOVA e teste de Tuckey, com um nível de significancia de p<0.05. Resultados : os valores obtidos demostraram que a combinação analgésica de paracetamol associado a clonixinato de lisina, foi mais efetiva às 1 h e 8 h. Às 24 h, não existiram diferenças nos três grupos de estudo. Conclusão : a analgesia da terapia combinada de Paracetamol associado a Clonixinato de lisina, é superior à produzida pela dose standard de Ibuprofeno e Paracetamol no tratamento da dor pós-operatória de exodontias simples.